Pharmaceutical Science

The Physicochemical Analysis course covers the fundamental principles and applications of various analytical techniques, including gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), UV spectrophotometry, and voltammetry. These instruments are utilized for the physicochemical analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in drug formulations. The course provides an understanding of definitions, terminology, fundamental concepts, working principles, instrumentation, and their applications in the pharmaceutical field.

This course explores the fundamental principles of pharmacology, including the fate of drugs in the body and their mechanisms of action, considering them as chemical agents. This understanding aims to elucidate how drugs influence biological systems, both as endogenous and exogenous entities. Additionally, the course provides an in-depth discussion on the anatomical and physiological aspects of the nervous system, neurotransmission, as well as the physiology and pharmacology of different nervous system divisions, including the sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic, and ganglionic systems. By the end of this course, students are expected to develop a comprehensive understanding and the ability to provide scientific and rational arguments in drug selection for specific cases.

The Pharmaceutics course covers fundamental concepts, formulation principles, the relationship between the route of administration and dosage forms, as well as the stages of dosage form design and development. Topics include preformulation, excipients, manufacturing equipment systems, formulation techniques, preparation methods, pharmaceutical dosage form evaluation, and emerging technologies in pharmaceutics.

The Physical Pharmacy course covers key topics, including drug dissolution and release, parenteral drug incompatibilities, material sciences and nanomedicine, diffusion and dissolution, drug dissolution and its applications in research, the use of diffusion in patch and transdermal system development, as well as polymers and biodegradable polymers.

The Natural Product Chemistry course covers the fundamentals of plant chemistry, the general properties of naturally occurring compounds, and the various types of compounds produced by plants. Additionally, the course explores the application of analytical principles, isolation methods, and identification techniques in handling natural products. Students will also study the biosynthesis of plant-derived compounds, their biological activities, and the chemical existence phenomena of plants, including their chemical constituents.

The Advanced Medicinal Organic Chemistry course covers the fundamentals of medicinal organic chemistry and the relationship between organic molecular properties and biological processes. Topics include Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, nomenclature, and various organic reactions, categorized by type, along with stereochemical aspects and isomeric reactions. Additionally, the course explores acid-base concepts, electrophilic aromatic substitution, molecular conformation, conjugated systems and resonance, diastereoisomer properties, as well as the correlation between chemical bonding and drug biological activity, including the roles of activating and deactivating groups.

The Research Methods course explores various aspects of research, including the definition of knowledge, theories of truth, the scientific method, and scientific reasoning frameworks. Additionally, it covers both scientific and non-scientific research, research problem formulation, hypothesis development, and the overall research process. Other topics include quantitative and qualitative research, types of research, experimental and descriptive studies, research problem sources, research variables, research design, sampling methods, instrumentation, data collection, statistical analysis, and research report writing. Furthermore, this course equips students with the skills to structure and write a thesis, as well as to compose scientific articles for publication in accredited national journals.

This course explores the fundamental concepts of drug research and development, including the drug discovery and development process, the discovery of new drugs from natural sources, and the development of new drugs derived from existing medications. It also examines the stages of drug development from laboratory research to the pharmaceutical industry, as well as drug testing phases from discovery to market entry according to FDA regulations. Additionally, the course covers topics such as drug genesis and latentiation, successful strategies in drug research and development, research and development of natural products, and advanced studies on the development of natural-based products for health and cancer therapy. Students will also learn research concepts in food product planning and development, along with the biological and chemical evaluation of plant extracts and their isolation strategies.

The Pharmaceutical Natural Products Chemistry course covers primary and secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of these metabolites, and analytical methods used to identify and evaluate both primary and secondary metabolites.

The Research Methodology and Statistics course explores the fundamental concepts of research and the stages involved in developing a research plan through to presenting research findings. The stages include developing scientific thinking, identifying research problems, formulating hypotheses, conducting thorough literature reviews, selecting appropriate research designs, determining measurement level indicators, identifying study populations/samples, data collection methods, preparing research proposals, selecting suitable statistical methods, and compiling the final report.

The Drug Research and Development course explores the fundamental concepts of pharmaceutical research and development, including the discovery and development of new drugs, discovery of drugs from natural sources, and development of new drugs based on previously introduced therapies. It covers the drug development process from laboratory stages to the pharmaceutical industry, including clinical trials and market entry (based on FDA guidelines). The course also discusses drug genesis and latency, strategies for successful research and development, research on natural products, advanced research related to the development of natural products for health and cancer therapy, as well as concepts in planning and developing functional food products, including the biological and chemical evaluation of plant extracts and their isolation strategies.

The Advanced Computational Chemistry course explains how computational chemistry is utilized to investigate biological activity, elucidate mechanisms of action, and discover new compounds as potential drugs.

Advanced Medicinal Chemistry explores the definitions, historical development, and interrelation of medicinal chemistry with other scientific disciplines; the relationship between chemical structure and the biological activity of drugs; factors affecting drug biological activity; and drug metabolism encompassing ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity). It also covers quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR), receptor theory, drug–receptor interactions, molecular modification, rational drug design, and challenges in new drug discovery. In essence, this course focuses on the molecular properties of ligands and macromolecular targets, and their interactions, which serve as a basis for drug design and development.

Standardization of Natural Product-Based Medicines explores the methods for standardizing herbal medicines, from raw materials to finished products.

Food Chemistry and Technology discusses the scope, benefits, objects, and domains of food chemistry and processing, including various chemical and biological contaminants that negatively impact health, the factors influencing their occurrence, and methods for analyzing these contaminants in food.

Herbal Drug Formulation Analysis covers the scope, benefits, objects, and domains of analyzing herbal medicines in both raw and formulated forms. It addresses structural aspects, molecular formulas, and quantitative analysis using instrumental methods. The course includes the analysis of both single and mixed compounds in various preparations such as simplicia, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. Analytical techniques discussed include Spectrophotometry, FTIR, HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, as well as biological assays for evaluating bioactivity and toxicity.

After completing the Pharmaceutical Analysis Instrumentation course, second-semester students of the Master of Pharmacy program will be able to apply the acquired theoretical knowledge to analytical instruments for accurate drug analysis.

The Pharmaceutical Natural Products Chemistry course covers primary and secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of these metabolites, and analytical methods used to identify and evaluate both primary and secondary metabolites.

The Research Methodology and Statistics course explores the fundamental concepts of research and the stages involved in developing a research plan through to presenting research findings. The stages include developing scientific thinking, identifying research problems, formulating hypotheses, conducting thorough literature reviews, selecting appropriate research designs, determining measurement level indicators, identifying study populations/samples, data collection methods, preparing research proposals, selecting suitable statistical methods, and compiling the final report.

The Drug Research and Development course explores the fundamental concepts of pharmaceutical research and development, including the discovery and development of new drugs, discovery of drugs from natural sources, and development of new drugs based on previously introduced therapies. It covers the drug development process from laboratory stages to the pharmaceutical industry, including clinical trials and market entry (based on FDA guidelines). The course also discusses drug genesis and latency, strategies for successful research and development, research on natural products, advanced research related to the development of natural products for health and cancer therapy, as well as concepts in planning and developing functional food products, including the biological and chemical evaluation of plant extracts and their isolation strategies.

The Drug Interactions and Incompatibilities course explores the concepts and management strategies for addressing drug interactions in the treatment of commonly encountered diseases in healthcare settings (hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, asthma, infections, breast cancer, chronic kidney disease), as well as drug incompatibilities.

The Pharmacology of Natural Product Drugs course discusses the pharmacological concepts of natural product drugs, including the isolation and identification of active compounds, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of natural substances, and their activity on the central nervous system, cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and anti-inflammatory systems. It also covers anticancer, antimicrobial activities, toxicity, adverse drug reactions, and the development or innovation of natural product-based drugs.

Standardization of Natural Product-Based Medicines explores the methods for standardizing herbal medicines, from raw materials to finished products.

The Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Development course covers the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms, preformulation studies, stability testing protocols, development of oral drug delivery systems (novel oral drug delivery systems), semisolid and transdermal dosage forms, nanotechnology-based drug formulations, and targeted drug delivery systems.

Herbal Drug Formulation Analysis covers the scope, benefits, objects, and domains of analyzing herbal medicines in both raw and formulated forms. It addresses structural aspects, molecular formulas, and quantitative analysis using instrumental methods. The course includes the analysis of both single and mixed compounds in various preparations such as simplicia, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. Analytical techniques discussed include Spectrophotometry, FTIR, HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, as well as biological assays for evaluating bioactivity and toxicity.

The Phytopharmaceuticals course explores the development and evaluation of phytopharmaceutical formulations.

The Pharmaceutical Natural Products Chemistry course covers primary and secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of these metabolites, and analytical methods used to identify and evaluate both primary and secondary metabolites.

The Research Methodology and Statistics course explores the fundamental concepts of research and the stages involved in developing a research plan through to presenting research findings. The stages include developing scientific thinking, identifying research problems, formulating hypotheses, conducting thorough literature reviews, selecting appropriate research designs, determining measurement level indicators, identifying study populations/samples, data collection methods, preparing research proposals, selecting suitable statistical methods, and compiling the final report.

The Drug Research and Development course explores the fundamental concepts of pharmaceutical research and development, including the discovery and development of new drugs, discovery of drugs from natural sources, and development of new drugs based on previously introduced therapies. It covers the drug development process from laboratory stages to the pharmaceutical industry, including clinical trials and market entry (based on FDA guidelines). The course also discusses drug genesis and latency, strategies for successful research and development, research on natural products, advanced research related to the development of natural products for health and cancer therapy, as well as concepts in planning and developing functional food products, including the biological and chemical evaluation of plant extracts and their isolation strategies.

The Drug Interactions and Incompatibilities course explores the concepts and management strategies for addressing drug interactions in the treatment of commonly encountered diseases in healthcare settings (hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, asthma, infections, breast cancer, chronic kidney disease), as well as drug incompatibilities.

Students are expected to understand and analyze theoretical and practical concepts, and to design research related to drug dissolution and release from conventional and non-conventional dosage forms, surfactant usage, and the application of advanced physical pharmacy principles to address complex formulation and stability issues. The course also aims to develop students' critical thinking and research skills in the field of physical pharmacy.

The Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Development course covers the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms, preformulation studies, stability testing protocols, development of oral drug delivery systems (novel oral drug delivery systems), semisolid and transdermal dosage forms, nanotechnology-based drug formulations, and targeted drug delivery systems.

After completing the Pharmaceutical Analysis Instrumentation course, second-semester students of the Master of Pharmacy program will be able to apply the acquired theoretical knowledge to analytical instruments for accurate drug analysis.

Food Chemistry and Technology discusses the scope, benefits, objects, and domains of food chemistry and processing, including various chemical and biological contaminants that negatively impact health, the factors influencing their occurrence, and methods for analyzing these contaminants in food.

The Advanced Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics course is designed to provide an in-depth understanding of advanced biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, as well as how these concepts are applied in drug research and development. Students will be introduced to the scope and importance of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics in drug development, including mechanisms of drug absorption and distribution, drug metabolism, and analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance and volume of distribution. Topics also include linear and non-linear pharmacokinetics, clinical studies on bioavailability and bioequivalence, physiological changes affecting drug pharmacokinetics, the impact of pathological conditions on pharmacokinetic parameters, and the role of pharmacokinetics in clinical decision-making for optimizing drug therapy. Students will also explore drug interactions from a pharmacokinetic perspective, including effects on drug metabolism and elimination, pharmacokinetic risks in clinical drug use, and propose appropriate risk mitigation strategies.

The Pharmaceutical Natural Products Chemistry course covers primary and secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of these metabolites, and analytical methods used to identify and evaluate both primary and secondary metabolites.

The Research Methodology and Statistics course explores the fundamental concepts of research and the stages involved in developing a research plan through to presenting research findings. The stages include developing scientific thinking, identifying research problems, formulating hypotheses, conducting thorough literature reviews, selecting appropriate research designs, determining measurement level indicators, identifying study populations/samples, data collection methods, preparing research proposals, selecting suitable statistical methods, and compiling the final report.

The Drug Research and Development course explores the fundamental concepts of pharmaceutical research and development, including the discovery and development of new drugs, discovery of drugs from natural sources, and development of new drugs based on previously introduced therapies. It covers the drug development process from laboratory stages to the pharmaceutical industry, including clinical trials and market entry (based on FDA guidelines). The course also discusses drug genesis and latency, strategies for successful research and development, research on natural products, advanced research related to the development of natural products for health and cancer therapy, as well as concepts in planning and developing functional food products, including the biological and chemical evaluation of plant extracts and their isolation strategies.

The Drug Interactions and Incompatibilities course explores the concepts and management strategies for addressing drug interactions in the treatment of commonly encountered diseases in healthcare settings (hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, asthma, infections, breast cancer, chronic kidney disease), as well as drug incompatibilities.

The Pharmacology of Natural Product Drugs course discusses the pharmacological concepts of natural product drugs, including the isolation and identification of active compounds, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of natural substances, and their activity on the central nervous system, cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and anti-inflammatory systems. It also covers anticancer, antimicrobial activities, toxicity, adverse drug reactions, and the development or innovation of natural product-based drugs.

The Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Therapy course covers the principles of clinical pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM). Topics include basic dose calculation and dosing interval principles, TDM concepts, TDM for aminoglycosides, dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment, and TDM for specific drugs such as theophylline, cyclosporine, salicylates, digoxin, and vancomycin. The course also discusses TDM applications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI).

The Immunopharmacology course covers key topics including immunopharmacology, the immune system, immunopathology, immunotherapy, immunomodulators, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, allergic immunology, anaphylaxis, immunology of infectious diseases, cancer, and the gastrointestinal system. It also addresses organ transplantation, vaccines, immunotechniques, and immunoassays. The course content is highly relevant for conducting research in the pharmaceutical field and for the practical application of immunological sciences.

The Pharmacodynamics course explores the fundamental concepts and definitions of pharmacodynamics, the concept of second messengers and the mechanisms of signal transduction. It covers the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents, cardiac glycosides and other inotropic drugs, NSAIDs, anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines, as well as pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. The course also discusses antimalarial pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approaches and paradigms in antimicrobial therapy, stereochemistry and its relationship to biological activity, antiparkinsonian pharmacodynamics, antiepileptic drug pharmacodynamics, and Visualizing Pharmacological Activities of Antidepressants: A Novel Approach.

The Toxicology course presents materials covering definitions and key terms in toxicology such as toxic, toxin, xenobiotic, and dose. It also discusses the basic principles of toxicology, including absorption, distribution, excretion, toxic biotransformation, and their effects on humans and the environment. This course further explains how to identify and propose simple solutions to contamination or pollution issues in the environment.

The Structure-Activity Relationship course presents material covering definitions, scope, and its relationship with other scientific fields, the history of drug chemical structure and its activity, and the development of new drugs. The course also discusses the relationship between structure and the processes of drug absorption, distribution, and excretion, as well as the interaction of drugs with biopolymers. Furthermore, the course examines the relationship between solubility and biological activity, the Ferguson principle, and drug action models; stereochemical aspects and biological activity; the quantitative relationship between structure and biological activity of drugs; the connection between physicochemical properties and biological activity of drugs; theories of drug-receptor interactions and the chemical bonds involved; metabolism, biological activity, and drug design; as well as molecular modifications and rational drug design.

The Advanced Natural Product Chemistry course covers the isolation and synthesis of selected secondary metabolites (alkaloids, triterpenes/steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins) that have been published in recent years. The topics include the scope and depth of natural product chemistry, as well as the pharmacological testing of plants. Additional topics include bioassay-guided isolation and characterization of antifungal compounds, bioassay-guided isolation of sesquiterpene coumarins, isolation of triterpenoid glycosides as cytotoxic cycloartanes, isolation and structure elucidation of anticancer and antimalarial natural products, bioassay-guided fractionation of leaf extract from Combretum mucronatum with anthelmintic activity, bioassay-guided isolation of cytotoxic compounds from Hydrocotyle vulgaris, isolation and structure elucidation of compounds with antitumor activity, isolation and structure elucidation of insecticidal secondary metabolites, and biological and phytochemical investigations of Euphorbiaceae from Papua New Guinea (presentation). Moreover, students will learn about the isolation of antibacterial compounds from Quercus dilatata L. through bioassay-guided techniques (presentation), and the isolation of bioactive flavonoids from Jacaranda obtusifolia H. B. K. ssp (presentation).

The Natural Product Isolation Techniques course covers the principles of compound separation methods for natural products, the separation of chemical compounds based on their biogenetic properties, and extraction methods based on structure and therapeutic activity. Additionally, the course includes the extraction and fractionation of chemical compounds based on their polarity, natural product isolation techniques using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), preparation and application of chemical analysis using classical chromatography, as well as the separation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins using thin-layer chromatography. Other topics include the separation of amino acids using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), isolation of nonpolar compounds (terpenoids/steroids, carotenoids, and essential oils) using TLC, and the separation of chemical compounds through vacuum liquid chromatography and column chromatography. The course also discusses the isolation of flavonoids using TLC and paper chromatography (PC), isolation of flavonoids using ultraviolet spectrometry (shift reagents), and preparation and application of chemical compounds using modern chromatography techniques. Lastly, the course covers the isolation of marine natural product compounds.

The Chemical Structure Elucidation course covers the definition, scope, and the relationship between chemical structure elucidation and other fields of science. The course also includes the principles and methods of chemical structure elucidation, the principles of MS spectrophotometry, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, infrared spectrophotometry, and NMR in chemical structure elucidation. In addition, the course discusses the basic concepts and methods for structural analysis, as well as the analysis of UV spectroscopy data, MS spectroscopy data, infrared spectroscopy data, 1H NMR spectroscopy data, and 13C NMR spectroscopy data. Lastly, the course covers structural analysis methods using UV, MS, IR, and NMR spectroscopy data.

This course covers the taxonomy and systematics of plants, the classification system of angiosperms (Magnoliophyta), plant classification according to Cronquist and Engler, plant taxonomy and evolution, the classes Dicotyldoneae and Monocotyldoneae, varieties and species within plants, nomenclature (plant naming) and numerical taxonomy, order classification: Rhoedales (Brassicaceae, Columniferae, and Malvaceae), order classification: Geranales, Leguminosae (Geraniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Papilionaceae), sub-class classification Monochlamydeae, order: Centrospermae, selection of families in the Dicotyldoneae and Monocotyldoneae groups, iridoid compounds as chemotaxonomic markers from Oleaceae, flavonoid compounds as taxonomic markers from Asteraceae, and cannabinoids and terpenoids as taxonomic markers from Cannabis.

The Phytopharmaceuticals course covers topics such as the definition, scope, and relationship with other fields of science, the history of phytopharmaceuticals and their activities, and the development of phytopharmaceuticals. The course also includes the design and evaluation of phytopharmaceutical preparations, as well as the assessment of the preclinical and clinical activities of phytopharmaceutical preparations.

This course discusses the definition, basic concepts, and applications of microorganisms in the production of pharmaceutical substances, the role of microorganisms in pharmaceutical manufacturing, biotechnology design and development for the production of pharmaceutical substances, solid-state fermentation techniques, submerged solid-state fermentation, the production of antibiotics, the production of vitamins, and the production of statins.

The Bioassay course covers the basic concepts, definitions, scope, fundamental principles of bioassay, techniques, and ethics of animal testing, including toxicity testing, mutagenicity testing, teratology testing, immunotoxicology testing, and the principles and techniques of bioassay using microorganisms for both quantitative and qualitative testing.

Upon completing this course, students will be able to design and evaluate pharmaceutical dosage forms with faster drug delivery systems and more specific drug targeting, while maintaining the physicochemical stability of the drug substance, ensuring good drug efficacy, and minimizing side effects.

The Structure-Activity Relationship course presents material covering definitions, scope, and its relationship with other scientific fields, the history of drug chemical structure and its activity, and the development of new drugs. The course also discusses the relationship between structure and the processes of drug absorption, distribution, and excretion, as well as the interaction of drugs with biopolymers. Furthermore, the course examines the relationship between solubility and biological activity, the Ferguson principle, and drug action models; stereochemical aspects and biological activity; the quantitative relationship between structure and biological activity of drugs; the connection between physicochemical properties and biological activity of drugs; theories of drug-receptor interactions and the chemical bonds involved; metabolism, biological activity, and drug design; as well as molecular modifications and rational drug design.

The Biopharmaceutics course covers the role of biopharmaceutics in pharmacy, interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameter profiles, biopharmaceutics processes, pharmacokinetics processes, as well as bioequivalence and the associated parameters.

The Pharmacodynamics course covers the basic concepts and definitions of pharmacodynamics, the concept of second messengers and signal transduction mechanisms, pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents, pharmacodynamics of cardiac glycosides and other inotropic agents, pharmacodynamics of NSAIDs, pharmacodynamics of anxiolytic benzodiazepines, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics, pharmacodynamics of antimalarial drugs, the approach and paradigm of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in antimicrobial therapy, stereochemistry and its relation to biological activity, pharmacodynamics of antiparkinson drugs, pharmacodynamics of antiepileptic drugs, and visualizing the pharmacological activities of antidepressants: a novel approach.

The Toxicology course presents material that includes the study of definitions or key terms in toxicology such as toxic, toxicant, xenobiotic, and dose, the principles of toxicology, distribution, absorption, and excretion, toxic biotransformation, and its effects on humans and the environment. This course also explains how to identify and provide simple solutions to issues of contamination/pollution in the environment.

The Drug Interactions course presents material that includes the definition, scope, the relationship between medicinal chemistry and other fields of science, the history of medicinal chemistry, the development of new drugs, the relationship between structure and the processes of drug absorption, distribution, and excretion, the process of drug interactions with biopolymers, the relationship between solubility and biological activity, the basic concepts of Drug Interaction and Pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and pharmacodynamics, therapy management for patients with CHF and COPD with potential drug interactions in hospitals, therapy management for drug interactions in asthma, drug interactions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD), therapy management and drug interactions in diarrhea, therapy management and drug interactions in urinary tract infections (UTI), therapy management and drug interactions in peptic ulcers, therapy management and drug interactions in diabetes mellitus (DM), and therapy management and drug interactions in dyslipidemia.

The Phytopharmaceuticals course covers topics such as the definition, scope, and relationship with other fields of science, the history of phytopharmaceuticals and their activities, and the development of phytopharmaceuticals. The course also includes the design and evaluation of phytopharmaceutical preparations, as well as the assessment of the preclinical and clinical activities of phytopharmaceutical preparations.

The Clinical Pharmacy and Therapy course presents material that covers the basic concepts of clinical pharmacy, the definition of pharmacy, the role of clinical pharmacists in disease management (CDTM), stem cell therapy for cardiac diseases, pharmacists in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD), management of congestive heart failure (CHF), therapy management for asthma, therapy management for asthma, management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), management of diarrhea, management of urinary tract infections (UTI), management of peptic ulcers, therapy management for diabetes mellitus (DM), and therapy management for dyslipidemia in cardiovascular diseases.

The Bioassay course covers the basic concepts, definitions, scope, fundamental principles of bioassay, techniques, and ethics of animal testing, including toxicity testing, mutagenicity testing, teratology testing, immunotoxicology testing, and the principles and techniques of bioassay using microorganisms for both quantitative and qualitative testing.

The Advanced Pharmacology course presents material that includes the use of biopharmaceutics in pharmacy, interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameter profiles, biopharmaceutic processes, pharmacokinetic processes, as well as bioequivalence and the associated parameters.

The Structure-Activity Relationship course presents material covering definitions, scope, and its relationship with other scientific fields, the history of drug chemical structure and its activity, and the development of new drugs. The course also discusses the relationship between structure and the processes of drug absorption, distribution, and excretion, as well as the interaction of drugs with biopolymers. Furthermore, the course examines the relationship between solubility and biological activity, the Ferguson principle, and drug action models; stereochemical aspects and biological activity; the quantitative relationship between structure and biological activity of drugs; the connection between physicochemical properties and biological activity of drugs; theories of drug-receptor interactions and the chemical bonds involved; metabolism, biological activity, and drug design; as well as molecular modifications and rational drug design.

The Biopharmaceutics course covers the role of biopharmaceutics in pharmacy, interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameter profiles, biopharmaceutics processes, pharmacokinetics processes, as well as bioequivalence and the associated parameters.

The Advanced Biopharmaceutics course is designed to provide an in-depth understanding of advanced biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, as well as how these concepts are applied in drug research and development. Students will be introduced to the scope and importance of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics in drug research and development, mechanisms of drug absorption and distribution, drug metabolism, and the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance and volume of distribution, linear and non-linear pharmacokinetics, clinical trials on bioavailability and bioequivalence. Students will also study physiological changes affecting drug pharmacokinetics, the impact of pathological conditions on pharmacokinetic parameters, pharmacokinetic principles in clinical decision-making for optimizing drug therapy, drug interactions from a pharmacokinetic perspective, including effects on drug metabolism and elimination, as well as pharmacokinetic risks in the clinical use of drugs and recommending appropriate risk mitigation strategies.

Upon completing this course, students will be able to design and evaluate pharmaceutical formulations with faster drug delivery systems and more specific drug targeting, while maintaining the physicochemical stability of the drug substance, ensuring good drug efficacy, and minimizing side effects.

The Advanced Pharmaceutics course covers topics on suspensions, nanosuspensions, and dry suspensions, emulsions, nanoemulsions, emulgels, hydration and enhancers, factors affecting percutaneous absorption, In Vivo and In Vitro methods, transdermal metoprolol, transdermal insulin, transdermal meloxicam, transdermal diclofenac, microneedles, double emulsions, and transdermal cetirizine and glimepiride. Upon completing this course, students of the Master’s program in Pharmacy at the Faculty of Pharmacy, USU, will be able to understand and develop the latest pharmaceutical formulation technologies.

The Phytopharmaceuticals course covers topics such as the definition, scope, and relationship with other fields of science, the history of phytopharmaceuticals and their activities, and the development of phytopharmaceuticals. The course also includes the design and evaluation of phytopharmaceutical preparations, as well as the assessment of the preclinical and clinical activities of phytopharmaceutical preparations.

The Advanced Physical Farmacy course covers topics on drug stability, protein binding, surfactants and their role in suspensions and emulsions, intelligent polymers, nanosuspension valsastra, Al2O3 nano-fluids, polymers, and nanoemulsions.

The Bioassay course covers the basic concepts, definitions, scope, fundamental principles of bioassay, techniques, and ethics of animal testing, including toxicity testing, mutagenicity testing, teratology testing, immunotoxicology testing, and the principles and techniques of bioassay using microorganisms for both quantitative and qualitative testing.

After completing this course, students will be able to understand the classification of drug delivery systems, oral drug delivery systems, transdermal drug delivery systems, arthritis nanomedicine, fast disintegration tablets of termistar HCl, indomethacin nanospheres for dissolution enhancement with alginate coating, mesoporous silica nanospheres encapsulated with alginate as a sustained drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble indomethacin, orally disintegrating amlodipine tablets, formulation and evaluation of SR chitosan-Ca alginate microcapsules for anti-TB drugs, and gastroretentive tablets and matrices.

The Structure-Activity Relationship course presents material covering definitions, scope, and its relationship with other scientific fields, the history of drug chemical structure and its activity, and the development of new drugs. The course also discusses the relationship between structure and the processes of drug absorption, distribution, and excretion, as well as the interaction of drugs with biopolymers. Furthermore, the course examines the relationship between solubility and biological activity, the Ferguson principle, and drug action models; stereochemical aspects and biological activity; the quantitative relationship between structure and biological activity of drugs; the connection between physicochemical properties and biological activity of drugs; theories of drug-receptor interactions and the chemical bonds involved; metabolism, biological activity, and drug design; as well as molecular modifications and rational drug design.

The Advanced Drug Analysis course presents material covering drug analysis using SPE, drug analysis using LC-MS instruments, drug analysis using UPLC-MS instruments, drug analysis using GC-MS instruments, drug analysis using spectrophotometry instruments, drug analysis using spectrophotometry instruments, drug analysis using HPLC instruments, drug analysis using voltammetry with modified screen printed electrodes, drug analysis using voltammetry with modified paste electrodes and PG multivariate carbon nanotubes, drug analysis using voltammetry with modified ultramicroelectrodes and hanging mercury drop electrodes, drug analysis using voltammetry with boron-doped diamond electrodes, drug analysis using UV spectrophotometry instruments with derivative methods, drug analysis using UV spectrophotometry instruments with difference spectrophotometry methods, and drug analysis using UV spectrophotometry instruments with multiple wavelength methods.

This course covers: introduction, components of nutrients in food, the chemistry of major nutrients in food, metabolism and function of major nutrients, the concept of adequate and optimal nutrition, the role of non-nutrient components in health, the definition of functional foods and nutraceuticals, antioxidants and phytochemicals in food, the role of functional components in food, functional components in plant-based and animal-based foods, free radicals, degenerative diseases, antioxidants and degenerative diseases, anticancer substances in food, diet and atherosclerosis, eating patterns and the aging process, prebiotics and probiotics in food, bioactive components in citrus fruits, beneficial substances in tea, coconut oil as a functional food, phytosterols in margarine, national food composition, diabetes, diabetes risk factors, and diabetes management.

The Chemical Structure Elucidation course covers the definition, scope, and the relationship between chemical structure elucidation and other fields of science. The course also includes the principles and methods of chemical structure elucidation, the principles of MS spectrophotometry, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, infrared spectrophotometry, and NMR in chemical structure elucidation. In addition, the course discusses the basic concepts and methods for structural analysis, as well as the analysis of UV spectroscopy data, MS spectroscopy data, infrared spectroscopy data, 1H NMR spectroscopy data, and 13C NMR spectroscopy data. Lastly, the course covers structural analysis methods using UV, MS, IR, and NMR spectroscopy data.

The Advanced Organic Chemistry of Drugs course covers the fundamentals of organic chemistry related to drugs, including the relationship between stereochemistry, chirality, enantiomers, and the correlation between the molecular properties of drugs and biological processes. Topics include chemical bonding, racemic mixtures, meso compounds, stereochemistry of drugs versus chemical bonding aspects, chemical reaction mechanisms, chemical interactions between D and enzymes (R), chemical bonding aspects, nomenclature and classification of organic compounds, fundamental theories in organic chemistry, and the formation and classification of chemical bonds.

The Phytopharmaceuticals course covers topics such as the definition, scope, and relationship with other fields of science, the history of phytopharmaceuticals and their activities, and the development of phytopharmaceuticals. The course also includes the design and evaluation of phytopharmaceutical preparations, as well as the assessment of the preclinical and clinical activities of phytopharmaceutical preparations.

The Instrumental Analysis of Drugs course provides material that includes definitions, scope, and relationships with other scientific fields. It covers various instruments used in pharmacy to assist in the analysis of drugs, including the determination of drug concentration, drug activity, and the quality of the produced drug.

The Bioassay course covers the basic concepts, definitions, scope, fundamental principles of bioassay, techniques, and ethics of animal testing, including toxicity testing, mutagenicity testing, teratology testing, immunotoxicology testing, and the principles and techniques of bioassay using microorganisms for both quantitative and qualitative testing.

The Food Chemical Technology course covers topics including fermented foods, the effects of food processing on nutrient content, the effects of processing on chemical and sensory properties, the chemistry of water and its role as a nutrient, the chemistry of carbohydrates, properties and classification of carbohydrates, food lipids, the chemistry of fats, fatty acids, factors influencing the chemical, physical, and biochemical properties of fats, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, the physical-chemical properties of proteins, the nutritional value and quality of food proteins, vitamins and minerals, food processing, food preservation, food dehydration, canning, fermentation, toxicology and food safety, food additives, the effects of processing on physical-chemical properties, the effects of processing on sensory properties of food, the effects of processing on the nutrient content of food, fermented foods, and food chemical technology in fish and its products.

The Structure–Activity Relationship course presents materials covering definitions, scope, relevance to other scientific fields, the history of drug chemical structures and their activities, and new drug development. It includes the relationship between structure and the processes of absorption, distribution, and excretion; drug–biopolymer interaction processes; the relationship between solubility and biological activity; Ferguson’s principle and drug action models; stereochemistry and biological activity; quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR); the correlation of physicochemical properties with biological activity; theories of drug–receptor interaction and the involved chemical bonds; metabolism, biological activity, and drug design; as well as molecular modification and rational drug design.

The Drug Stereochemistry course covers fundamental concepts of drug stereochemistry and its applications in the pharmaceutical field. It explains and evaluates the relationship between compound stereochemistry and drug pharmacological activity, analyzes methods for determining R and S configurations in chiral compounds, evaluates techniques used for configuration assignment, examines the role of chemical bonding in drug–receptor interactions, and interprets stereochemical factors influencing drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. The course also explores the principles of stereochemistry in the design of safer and more effective drugs using Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD).

Advanced Phytochemistry covers key topics including the definition and scope of phytochemistry, primary and secondary metabolites, isolation techniques, identification methods, metabolomic analysis techniques, biosynthesis, pharmacological evaluation, clinical and therapeutic applications, as well as safety and toxicology.

Pharmaceutical Synthesis covers both fundamental and advanced principles of drug synthesis, synthetic methods, and their applications across various fields. It discusses synthesis procedures for different classes of drugs, including antibiotics, vitamins, sulfonamides, barbiturates, antipyretics, and antidiabetic agents. In addition, this course explores green synthesis methods, biotechnology, and the role of computational chemistry in the design and optimization of pharmaceutical synthesis.

This course explains the fundamental concepts of bioactive components derived from nutritional sources that provide benefits in health promotion, disease prevention, and therapy through the use of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

The Thesis Plan Seminar course discusses research proposal preparation, presentation, proposal defense, and evaluation by the advisory and examiner committee.

The Advanced Pharmaceutical Natural Products Chemistry course explores selected natural compounds, the application of bioassay-guided isolation for antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antimalarial activities, as well as metabolomic analysis of natural product compounds.

The Natural Product Isolation course covers the fundamentals of natural compound isolation, including extraction, fractionation, separation of chemical compounds, purification, and identification of isolated compounds. The course content is highly relevant for conducting pharmaceutical research, particularly in the search for new compounds derived from natural sources.

The Chemotaxonomy course explains the relationship between plant taxa and the biological activities of plants that can be used as medicine.

This course explains the fundamental concepts of bioactive components derived from nutritional sources that provide benefits in health promotion, disease prevention, and therapy through the use of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

The Herbal Production Technology course discusses the principles, techniques, and innovations in the development and production of herbal products. Students will learn about raw material management, extraction technology, formulation, standardization, and industrial-scale production in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). In addition, this course covers national and international regulations related to herbal product registration and technological innovation trends such as nanoherbal and green technology. Students will be trained to analyze challenges and opportunities in evidence-based herbal production and to develop practical skills through laboratory simulations of herbal product formulation and evaluation.

The Thesis Plan Seminar course discusses research proposal preparation, presentation, proposal defense, and evaluation by the advisory and examiner committee.

The Advanced Cosmeceutics course discusses the cosmetic formulation process, which involves several stages, including the preparation of raw materials (including herbal ingredients), appropriate formula design, dosage form development, product evaluation, and the selection of suitable packaging and storage temperature.

The Targeted Drug Delivery Systems course discusses the fundamental principles of site-specific drug delivery within the body, targeted drug delivery formulation technologies, and the factors influencing the effectiveness and stability of such systems. Additionally, the course covers methods for evaluating the effectiveness of targeted delivery and explores innovative strategies in the development of modern drug delivery systems. This course is relevant for research and development in pharmaceutical formulation aimed at improving drug efficacy and therapeutic safety.

The Pharmaceutical Excipients course is designed to provide in-depth understanding of pharmaceutical excipients, including their roles, classifications, compatibility with active ingredients, and innovations in pharmaceutical formulation. Students will analyze scientific studies, critically evaluate the role of excipients in various pharmaceutical dosage forms and innovative formulations, and develop innovative strategies for excipient selection based on scientific data.

Drug Stability covers fundamental topics on drug stability, factors affecting drug degradation, stability evaluation methods, and strategies to enhance the stability of pharmaceutical formulations. This course is relevant for research in the pharmaceutical field, particularly in the development of stable and high-quality drug products.

The Pharmaceutical Compounding course covers theoretical concepts, practical applications, and research design in pharmaceutical compounding for pediatric and geriatric patients, cosmetic compounding, individualized patient compounding, and more.

The Thesis Plan Seminar course discusses research proposal preparation, presentation, proposal defense, and evaluation by the advisory and examiner committee.

The Pharmacotherapy of Infectious, Immune, and Cancer Diseases course covers essential topics related to pharmacotherapy for bacterial infections (e.g., tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections), viral infections (e.g., dengue and hepatitis), fungal infections (e.g., candidiasis), and parasitic diseases (e.g., malaria). It also includes immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity, cancer, and the management of adverse effects of cancer therapy.

The Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Pharmacotherapy course covers key topics on the management of drug therapy for respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, such as asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, upper respiratory tract infections, drug-induced pulmonary diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, cirrhosis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), pancreatitis, viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver diseases, and medication-related problems in patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders.

The Cardiovascular, Endocrine, and Renal Disorders Pharmacotherapy course discusses key concepts in the pharmacotherapy of hypertension, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, heart failure, venous thromboembolism, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, and acute and chronic kidney failure. The content of this course is highly relevant for pharmaceutical research and the application of knowledge in cardiovascular, endocrine, and renal systems.

The Health Technology Assessment (HTA) course covers essential topics including the definition and history of HTA, its classification and scope, various HTA methods, how to select and develop HTA, HTA guidelines in Indonesia, and the application of HTA across different fields.

The Advanced Pharmacoeconomics course explores the concepts, types, and stages of pharmacoeconomic analysis; types of costs and outcomes; Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Budget Impact Analysis (BIA), including case studies of both; Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA) and its case studies; as well as the concept, scope, calculation, and application of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). The course also covers the concept, implementation, and interpretation of Sensitivity Analysis (SA).

The Thesis Plan Seminar course discusses research proposal preparation, presentation, proposal defense, and evaluation by the advisory and examiner committee.

The Research Proposal Seminar (Colloquium) course covers the proposal submission process, presentation and discussion of research proposals, and evaluation of the proposals by the supervisory and examination committees.

This course guides students in the preparation, implementation, and completion of a final project based on scientific research. Students are expected to be able to design, conduct, and compile a research report in accordance with academic standards and research ethics.

This course discusses and facilitates the presentation of preliminary research findings at international conferences or seminars.

This course discusses the principles, techniques, and strategies of scientific publication, including manuscript preparation, journal selection, the peer-review process, and publication ethics. Students will be guided in preparing and submitting scientific articles to reputable national or international journals.

The Research Results Seminar course discusses research reports that have been approved by the supervising committee, the presentation of research results before the examination and supervisory committees, the question-and-answer session and/or discussion of the research results by the supervisory and examining committees, and the evaluation by the supervisory and examining committees.

The Thesis Defense course covers the presentation of the thesis before the supervising and examining committees in a closed session, the question-and-answer session/discussion of the thesis by the supervising and examining committees, the evaluation by the supervising and examining committees, and the determination of the outcome by the supervising and examining committees.

The Research Results Seminar course covers the presentation of research findings that have been approved by the supervisory committee, delivery/presentation of the research results before the examining and supervisory committees, a question-and-answer session and/or discussion of the research findings, and assessment by the supervisory and examination committees.

The Thesis Defense course covers the presentation of a thesis before a closed committee of supervisors and examiners, followed by a question-and-answer session/discussion of the thesis, assessment by the committee, and the final determination of graduation status by the supervisory and examination committee.